BJSW Advance Access originally published online on April 3, 2007
British Journal of Social Work 2007 37(3):515-535; doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcm024
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A Critical Examination of Immigrant Acculturation: Toward an Anti-Oppressive Social Work Model with Immigrant Adults in a Pluralistic Society
Izumi Sakamoto is assistant professor of social work at the University of Toronto. A former Fulbright Scholar, she received MSW, MS and Ph.D. (Social Work and Social Psychology) from University of Michigan and BA and MA from Sophia University, Japan. Dr Sakamoto’s current programme of research focuses on the intersecting oppressions, self-advocacy and empowerment of marginalized communities, such as immigrants, women/transwomen who are homeless, and internationally educated students in local, international and transnational contexts. Her teaching specialties include the areas of globalization, empowerment, community-based research and social work with groups.
Correspondence to Izumi Sakamoto, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street West, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A1. E-mail: izumi.sakamoto{at}utoronto.ca
Today, in North America, the idea of complete assimilation of immigrants no longer seems relevant. Under the commonly espoused ideologies of multiculturalism and pluralism, the goal of social work with immigrants is now integration into the host society, whether that be economically, socially and/or psychologically (Li, 2003). However, critics argue that the traditional idea of immigrant assimilation continues to lurk behind social policies and social services for immigrants, in that the successful integration of immigrants is prompted by their conformation to the dominant culture (Balgopal, 2000). While a growing body of literature on social work with immigrants has resulted in an increased understanding of this diverse population and its needs, the literature still lacks coherent theoretical and ideological frameworks necessary to inform effective models of service delivery. Social work literature on immigrants also requires critical interrogation of the impact of social science theories, particularly in terms of long-held assumptions of culture and acculturation. In this paper, a critical review of literature on acculturation and social work with immigrants will be followed by findings of a qualitative study with skilled immigrants in Canada. Based on the research findings, an anti-oppressive approach to social work with immigrants is proposed.
Keywords: acculturation, integration, anti-oppressive practice, skilled immigrants, service provision