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Stagnation as a Distinct Clinical Syndrome: Comparing ‘Yu’ (Stagnation) in Traditional Chinese Medicine with Depression
Siu-man Ng is Assistant Professor, Centre on Behavioral Health, The University of Hong Kong.
Cecilia L. W. Chan is Professor, Department of Social Work and Social Administration, and Director, Centre on Behavioral Health, The University of Hong Kong.
David Y. F. Ho is Professor of Psychology and Senior Consultant, Centre on Behavioral Health, The University of Hong Kong.
Yu-Yeuk Wong is Assistant Professor, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong.
Rainbow T. H. Ho is Assistant Professor, Centre on Behavioral Health, The University of Hong Kong.
Correspondence to Siu-man Ng, Centre on Behavioural Health, The University of Hong Kong, G/F Pauline Chan Building, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China. Email: ngsiuman{at}hku.hk
Background: Depression was translated into Chinese as yiyu, with reference to the yu syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine. Literally meaning ‘not flowing, entangled or clogged’, yu, or ‘stagnation’ in English, is, however, a construct distinct from depression. Objective: The study aimed to explore the construct of stagnation through scale development. Method: A concept-driven approach was adopted to generate candidate items for the Stagnation Scale. Other measures were a validity checking item, a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a twelve-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Respondents were recruited by convenience and snowball sampling, resulting in 602 questionnaires being completed by adults between the ages of eighteen and sixty-five. Results: Exploratory factor analysis provided a three-factor, sixteen-item solution. The three factors were named Overattachment, Body-Mind Obstruction and Affect-Posture Inhibition. Cronbach’s alphas of the entire scale and subscales ranged from 0.82 to 0.91. Correlations of the scale total with the validity checking item, BDI and GHQ-12 were 0.71, 0.53 and 0.48, respectively. Stagnation showed a pattern of associations with demographic variables different from depression. Conclusion: The Stagnation Scale has good psychometric properties, and has meaningful factor structures. The evidence supports the contention that stagnation is a clinical syndrome distinct from depression. The new concept has important implications for social work practice.
Keywords: depression, stagnation, Chinese medicine